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What people actually do, which artefacts they actually use, is up to them. In short, in this role the presence of artefacts affects what people can do. In this role, artefacts are instruments, means that can be used to achieve a certain end. (Houkes and Vermaas 2004 Illies and Meijers 2009). Footnote 1 For example, their presence makes it possible for us to do things that we would not otherwise be able to do, and thereby adopt new goals, or helps us to do things we would otherwise be able to do, but in more time, with greater effort, etc. Here, the presence of artefacts changes the number and quality of the options for action available to us. In their first role they can enable or facilitate human actions. When it comes to affecting human actions, it seems artefacts can play two roles. Furthermore, I argue that my account helps us in analysing why the presence of artefacts sometimes fails to influence our actions, contrary to designer expectations or intentions. I will compare my account with two alternatives, those of Latour and Verbeek, and show how my account suggests a specification of their respective key concepts of prescription and invitation. In developing this account, I will build on Dancy’s ( 2000a) account of practical reasoning. This account describes the influence of artefacts on what we actually do in terms of the way facts about those artefacts alter our reasons for action. Specifically, I develop a descriptive account of how the presence of artefacts affects what we actually do, which is based on a framework commonly used for normative investigations into how the presence of artefacts affects what we can do. In this paper I account for both kinds of influences within a single framework. Both kinds of influences are closely related, yet accounts of how they work have been developed largely independently, within different conceptual frameworks and for different purposes. They can also influence our actions in a morally more salient way, where their presence changes the likelihood that we will actually perform certain actions.
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They can be instruments, enabling and facilitating actions, where their presence affects the number and quality of the options for action available to us. Artefacts can influence our actions in several ways.